Lab Manual For Civil Engineering For T.U IOE

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual By Er. Saraswati Thapa & Er. Tirtha Raj Karki

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

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Civil Engineering Books Collections

Disclaimer: Edgeengineering does not own any this books niether created nor scanned. we provide the links which is already available on the internet 

Note :This is not the final book list. we will frequent update the book list.

 Fluid Mechanics Books Collection

• Basic Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by Zoeb Hussian & Zulkifly Abdullah & Zanial Alimuddin

• Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines By R K Bansal

• Fluid Mechanics by Streeter

• Introduction to Fluid Mechanics by Fox and Mc Donald

• 2500 Solved Problem In Fluid Mechanicsi and Hydraulics

• Fluid Mechanics By Frank M. White

• Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics By modi & Seth

• A textbook of fluid mechanics R.K . Rajput
  

• 1000 Problems in fluid Mechanics
  

Structure Analysis Books Collection

• Structure Analysis -I by SS Bhavikati

• Strength of Materials by R.K Bansal

• BASIC STRUCTURAL ANALYGSIS Book by C. S. Reddy

• SMTS-II Theory of Structures Book by B.C. Punmia

• Steel Structure Design and Practice By N. Subramanian
  
  
  
• STRENGTH OF MATERIALS R S KHURMI EBOOK
  

• Analysis & Design of Substructures by Swami Saran
  

• ENGINEERING MECHANICS AK TAYAL

• Engineering Mechanics U C JINDAL
  

• Structural Analysis.Aslam Kassimali
  

Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Books Collection

• IRRIGATION ENGINEERING R N REDDY
  

Geotechnical Engineering Books Collection

• Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering By Dr K.R Arora

• Advanced Soil Mechanics, Fifth Edition 5th Edition by Braja M. Das (Author)

• Budhu SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS
  

Envirinmental Engineering Books Collection

•  Water Supply Engineering By B.C Punima

Construction Management Books Collection

• Project Management

Concrete Technology Books Collection

• Concrete Technology A M Neville And J J Brooks
  

Surveying and Levelling Books collection

• Surveying Problems And Solutions F A Shepherd

• Surveying And Levelling Part-2 By T P Kanetkar And S V Kulkarni

• Fundamentals of Surveying by S.K. Roy
  

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Maximum Spacing Between columns

 

SIZE OF COLUMN BEAM

Column

NBC 105:2077

Requirements of this section shall apply to columns resisting earthquake-induced effects, in which the factored axial compressive stress due to gravity and earthquake effects exceeds 0.08fck.

•  The minimum dimension of a column shall not be less than 20 db, where db is diameter of the largest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar in the beam passing through or anchoring into the column at the joint.
• The minimum dimension of column shall be 300 mm.
•  Columns shall preferably have width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.45.

 

 

                                      Fig: Requirement for minimum size of column member

IS 13920:1993

These requirements apply to frame members which have a factored axial stress in excess of 0.1 fck under the effect of earthquake forces. 

• The minimum dimension of the member shall not be less than 200 mm. However, in frames which have beams with centre to centre span exceeding 5 m or columns of unsupported length exceeding 4 m, the shortest dimension of the column shall not be less than 300 mm.
• The ratio of the shortest cross sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall preferably not be less than 0.4.

Beams

NBC 105:2077

Requirements of this section shall apply to beams resisting earthquake-induced effects, in which the factored axial compressive stress does not exceed 0.08fck. Beams,

•  Beams shall preferably have width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.3
• Beams shall not have width less than 200 mm
•  Beams shall not have depth D more than 1/4th of clear span.
•  Width of beam bw shall not exceed the width of supporting member

 

IS 13920:1993

These requirements apply to frame members resisting earthquake induced forces and designed to resist flexure. These members shall satisfy the following requirements.

• The factored axial stress on the member under earthquake loading shall not exceed 0.1 fck.
• The member shall preferably have a width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.3.
• The width of the member shall not be less than 200 mm.
•    The depth D of the member shall preferably be not more than l/4 of the clear span.

MAXIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO COLUMN IN THE BUILDING

Column: A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member.

There are no any particular rule for determining the spacing between the two columns. It all depends upon the type of structure and Architecture and Structural Engineer’s considerations. Architecture are always consider larger spacing in building to be used for different purpose while structure engineer  are to be always try to make the structure safe economy and ensure the integrity of the structure and prefer the grid system of column.

 

There are 2 major factor for determining the spacing of column

•        Type of structure

In general residential building there are no heavy load in the structure so the distance between column may be increases considering structural safety while increasing the distance between two column the size of column and depth of beam also increased it may lead the increase the cost of structure.

Generally 3-4m in ordinary building and in large building it may be up to 6-9m column spacing are used. Maximum 5m to 7.5 m and minimum 2.5m kept the distance between the two columns.

• .       Architecture and structure engineer consideration

Architecture are always consider larger spacing in building to be used for different purpose while structure engineer  are to be always try to make the structure safe economy and ensure the integrity of the structure and prefer the grid system of column

 

 

 

 

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Excel Spread Sheet Design For Footing Column Beam and Staircase

                                                    

Spread Sheets Collection

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Bar Bending Schedule(BBS)

INTRODUCTION

Bar Bending Schedule is a summary of the reinforcement in a tabular formm which includes the following information. Bar bending schedules are very important out of detailing and should give the following  information:

• Identification of the structural member(s),

• Position of the bars in the structure,
• The bar mark,
• The diameter or size of bar,
• The number of bars of one type in each structural member,
• The total number of bars of each type,
• The total straight length of the bar,
• The shape and bending dimensions of the bar,
• The details of bar chairs can also be included,
• Remarks, if any.

The Various Standard Size of round steel Bars along with Their weight are Shown in Table.

Diameter of Bars	Weight of Bar(kg/m)
6	0.22
8	0.39
10	0.62
12	0.89
14	1.2
16	1.58
18	2
20	2.47
22	2.98
25	3.85
28	4.84
32	6.32
36	8
40	9.87

Measurementof Bending Dimensions 

of Bars For R.C.C.

SAMPLE OF  BBS

Numerical Examples :

 BEAM

CALCULATION 

Longitudinal bar:

L= total length-clear cover+hook

   =6000-2*25+9*16*2

    =5662mm

Stirrup:

   =2a+2b+Hook

    a=depth-clear cover -Dia of bar

   b=width-clear cover -Dia of bar

     a=300-2*25-2*8

        =234mm

b=200-2*25-2*8

        =134mm

hook= 2*12*8

        =192mm

No of Stirrup= (distance/spacing )+1

                    =(5600/100)+1

                     =57 No

Reference:

• is.sp.34.1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing

• is.2502.1963Code of Practice for Bending and Fixing of Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

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Building Codes of Nepal latest Updated (2020)

Google Drive Link

Building Codes of Nepal latest Updated 

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District rate kathmandu, 2077/78

District rate kathmandu, 2077/78

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Engineering Ethics Multiple Choice Question

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Estimating and Costing Chapter One Note

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definition

Estimating is the process of calculating the quantities and cost of various item required in connection with work. It is necessary to estimate the amount of fund required for the proposed work otherwise; it may so happen that the work has to be stopped before its completion due to shortage of funds or of materials.

1.2 Estimated cost and Actual cost

Estimated cost is the theoretical cost of the work/ probable cost of the work. Actual cost is the expenditure, after completion of the work from account register of the completed work.

Estimate is never the actual cost of the work. Justify

An estimate is the probable cost of construction work which is computed from the dimensions on the drawings and the standing rates at the time of preparation of the estimate. The accuracy of the estimate depends on the skill and experience of estimator. Actual cost of construction can be known from the physical measurements of the dimensions for various items of works at site and the actual rates of at such items of works during execution off work. All expenses for all probabilities can be known after completion of works as well as account. So, it can be justified that whatever method may be adopted, in general all estimates are approximate in nature and the difference between the estimated cost and actual cost is vital issue. Although estimated cost is never the actual cost of work, it should be close.

1.3 Purpose of estimating

The estimating is very important for the developing country as they have taken fund as debt from different agencies which charges high interest rate. The estimating gives general idea about time and fund required. The main purposes of the estimating are highlighted below:

·         Too give idea of the cost of the work

·         To estimate various materials required to completing a particular work

·         To estimate various categories of labours required to completing a particular work.

·         To estimate various tools and plants required to completing a particular work.

·         To justify the investment from benefit/cost ratio

·         To estimate time of completion of work

·         To invite the tenders and prepare bills for payment

·         To estimate the existing property for valuation.

·         To draw up the construction schedule etc.

1.4 Principle of units and measurement

The units of measurement mainly depend upon shape, size and nature of work.

1. Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in m³. (E/W, B/W)

2. Shallow, thin and surface works shall be taken in m²  (DPC, Shutters)

3. Long and thin walls shall be taken in running unit (rm). (Skirting, Handrail)

4. Piece works, Job works shall be taken in number (Tube light, wash basin)

1.5 Units of Measurement and Payment for various items of work

Item No.	Description of work	Unit of Measurement	Unit of Payment
1.	Earthwork
1.1	E/W in excavation in foundation	m3	Per % m3
1.2	E/W in filing	m3	Per % m3
1.3	Surface dressing	m2	Per m2
1.4	Surface excavation	m2	Per m2
2.	Brickwork
2.1	Brick on flat soling	m2	Per m2
2.2	B/W in foundation	m3	Per m3
2.3	B/W in superstructure	m3	Per m3
2.4	B/W in arches	m3	Per m3
2.5	B/W in Cornice	m	Per m
2.6	Half brick thick wall	m2	Per m2
3.	Concrete works
3.1	PCC in foundation	m3	Per m3
3.2	Lime concrete in foundation	m3	Per m3
3.3	PP for RCC walls	m3	Per m3
3.4	50mm thick PCC in floor	m2	Per m2
3.5	Formwork for RCC work	m2	Per m2
3.6	Steel Reinforcement	Kg or MT	Per kg or MT
4.	Wood work
4.1	Wood works for doors and window frame	m3	Per m3
4.2	Doors and window shutters	m2	Per m2
4.3	Wood works for trusses	m3	Per m3
4.4	Wood works for rafters, wall plate etc.	m3	Per m3
4.5	Wood work for false ceiling	m2	Per m2
4.6	Wooden partition	m2	Per m2
5.	Iron works
5.1	M.S grill	m2	Per m2
5.2	Tubular trusses and purlins	Quintal or kg	Per kg
6	Flooring works
6.1	Sand filling	m3	Per m3
6.2	Cement sand screed	m2	Per m2
6.3	Marble flooring	m2	Per m2
6.4	Flagstone flooring	m2	Per m2
7.	Roofing Work
7.1	C.G.I sheet roofing	m2	Per m2
7.2	Tile roofing	m2	Per m2
7.3	C.G.I sheet on gutter ridge	m	Per m
7.4	Tile on ridge	m	Per m
8.	Plaster and Pointing works
8.1	Pointing works	m2	Per m2
8.2	Plastering works	m2	Per m2
9.	Painting and Polishing works
9.1	Enamel Painting	m2	Per m2
9.2	Washable distemper	m2	Per m2
9.3	French Polishing	m2	Per m2

1.6 Data required for estimating

The requirements for estimating are mentioned below:

1.       Drawings:

The drawing is the basis from which quantities of various items for a work are calculated, so fully dimensioned drawings must be prepared showing plans, different sections and other relevant details for the work.

2.       Specification

i. General Specification:

In general specifications the nature and class of work and the names of materials that could be used are described. This forms a general idea for the project.

ii. Detailed specification:

Detailed specifications describe every item of work in the estimate. This specifies the qualities, quantifies and proportions of materials, workmanships, method of preparation and execution for different items of works in a project. Thus, specification of a work serves as a guide to the supervising staff of the contractor as well as to the owner to execute the works to their satisfaction.

3.       Rates

Quantities of different items of works are estimated from the drawing and these are multiplied by the rates. So, rates for different item of works are vital factor to determine the estimated cost. Normally, the Engineering Departments provide with the current schedule of rates per unit of work, materials, wages of labour transport etc. In case when such rate is not found in the schedule, this is worked out by analysis.  

4.       Updated mode of measurement

Updated modes of measurement for standard deductions or additions are also necessary to determine the correct quantities of works.

5.       Standing circulars

Standard circulars for taxes and insurance etc. are required to fix up rates of those items which are not in the schedule of rate.

Reference

1. “Estimating, Costing, Specification and Valuation in Civil Engineering” by M Chakraborti

2. “Estimating and Costing” by B.N. Dutta

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